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Theodor Heuss

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Theodor Heuss
Heuss in 1957
President of West Germany
In office
12 September 1949 – 12 September 1959
ChancellorKonrad Adenauer
Preceded byKarl Arnold (acting)
Succeeded byHeinrich Lübke
Leader of the Free Democratic Party
In office
12 December 1948 – 12 September 1949
DeputyFranz Blücher
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byFranz Blücher
Leader of the Free Democratic Party
in the Bundestag
In office
4 September 1949 – 12 September 1949
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHermann Schäfer
Parliamentary constituencies
Member of the Bundestag
for Württemberg-Baden
In office
7 September 1949 – 15 September 1949
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byMargarete Hütter
ConstituencyFree Democratic Party List
Member of the Parliamentary Council
for Württemberg-Baden
In office
1 September 1948 – 5 August 1949
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Member of the
Landtag of Württemberg-Baden
In office
10 December 1946 – 16 September 1949
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byAnna Hartnagel
ConstituencyDemocratic People's Party List
Member of the Reichstag
In office
13 October 1930 – 8 July 1933
ConstituencyWürttemberg
In office
5 January 1925 – 13 June 1928
ConstituencyWürttemberg
Personal details
Born(1884-01-31)31 January 1884
Brackenheim, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died12 December 1963(1963-12-12) (aged 79)
Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany
Political partyFVP (1910–1918)
DDP (1918–1933)
DPD (1947–1948)
FDP (1948–1963)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1908; died 1952)​
Children1
Alma materLMU Munich
ProfessionJournalist
Signature

Theodor Heuss (German: [ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈhɔʏs] ⓘ; 31 January 1884 – 12 December 1963) was a German liberal politician who served as the first president of West Germany from 1949 to 1959. His civil demeanour and his cordial nature – something of a contrast to German nationalist traditions and the stern character of chancellor Konrad Adenauer – largely contributed to the stabilization of democracy in West Germany during the Wirtschaftswunder years. Before beginning his career as a politician, Heuss had been a political journalist.[1] To this day, Heuss is remembered as a major representative of social liberalism in Germany.[2]

Early life and education

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Heuss was born in Brackenheim, a small town and wine-making community near Heilbronn in Württemberg, on the border between the historic regions of Swabia and Franconia.[3]

He attended the Karlsgymnasium in Heilbronn, from which he graduated in 1902. This selective secondary school has since been renamed the Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium, in honor of its famous alumnus.

Heuss studied economics, art history and political science at the universities of Munich and Berlin.[4] He received his doctorate at Munich, with social reformer Lujo Brentano serving as his thesis adviser, in 1905. Heuss was also a student of Friedrich Naumann,[4] a social liberal politician and theologian. On 11 April 1908, he married Elly Heuss-Knapp (1881–1952), with whom he had a son. The minister presiding over the Lutheran wedding ceremony held in Straßburg was Albert Schweitzer, a close friend of Elly.[5][6][7][8][9]

Career

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Heuss's official Reichstag portrait, 1924

After his studies Heuss worked as a political journalist in Berlin and from 1905 until 1912 presided over the magazine Die Hilfe ("The Aid") published by Friedrich Naumann. From 1912 to 1918, he was editor in chief of the liberal Neckarzeitung (Neckar Newspaper) in Heilbronn. In Berlin, he worked as editor for the weekly newsletter Deutsche Politik ("German Politics") and the magazine Die Deutsche Nation ("The German Nation"). With Naumann, Heuss in 1903 joined the liberal Free-minded Union, which in 1910 merged into the Progressive People's Party (Fortschrittliche Volkspartei), in which he was engaged until its dissolution in 1918.

After World War I, Heuss became a member of the left liberal German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP), from 1930 renamed German State Party (Deutsche Staatspartei, DStP), the political heir of the Fortschrittliche Volkspartei in 1918 and was a member of the Reichstag from 1924 to 1928 and again from 1930 to 1933.[10] He also taught as a lecturer at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik ("German Academy for Politics") in Berlin. From 1918 to 1924, Heuss was managing director of Deutscher Werkbund, a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists which became an important element in the development of modern architecture and industrial design, particularly in the later creation of the Bauhaus school of design.

Nazi Germany

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During the 1920s and early 1930s, Heuss was a staunch supporter of the democratic Weimar Republic and an opponent of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party, about which he published one of the first comprehensive analyses in 1932 with the book Hitlers Weg ("Hitler's Way"). However, on 23 March 1933, along with his four fellow DStP parliamentarians, Heuss voted in favour of the Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz), granting Chancellor Adolf Hitler quasi-dictatorial powers.[11] He had set out to abstain, but after Heinrich Brüning indicated that with regard to the Reichskonkordat the Centre Party MPs would assent, ultimately subordinated to party discipline.[12] Alternative views of Hermann Dietrich, Weimar Republic finance minister claim that he was part of the majority in favor of voting for the enabling law.[13]

When Germany became a one-party state, the DStP was dissolved on 28 June 1933 and Heuss was divested of his Reichstag mandate by decree of Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick with effect from 8 July. He also lost his positions at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik and at the Deutscher Werkbund. Several of his books were banned and burned during the Nazi book burnings.

Following the end of his term he returned to private life. During the Nazi era, he stayed in contact with a network of liberals, leading to contacts with the German resistance towards the end of the war, though he was not an active resister. In 1936 Heuss faced a publication ban, nevertheless in 1941 he became an employee of the Frankfurter Zeitung, one of the few remaining liberal newspapers at that time. Heuss wrote under pseudonyms until publishing of the paper was finally prohibited in 1943. He spent the following years writing a biography of Robert Bosch.

In 1940/41, Heuss was a contributor to the Nazi newspaper Das Reich, launched by Joseph Goebbels as a more intellectual version of the crude antisemitism spread by Nazi publications.[14] His eight articles were of a rather apolitical nature focussing on classical literature.[15]

Postwar

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After World War II the US Office of Military Government gave Heuss the licence for one of the first post-war newspapers, the Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung in Heidelberg[16] and on 24 September 1945 appointed him the first Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs in the German state of Württemberg-Baden under his fellow party member Minister-President Reinhold Maier. In this position, he was now able to drive forward the democratic re-education process. After poor results in the 1946 Württemberg-Baden state election, he resigned from his post so that Maier could stay on as Minister-President. In 1946, Heuss also took part in the constitutional consultations in Württemberg-Baden.

As a co-founder of the Democratic People's Party (Demokratische Volkspartei, DVP), the predecessor of the German Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP) in the southwestern German states, he was a member of the Württemberg-Baden state parliament (Landtag) from 1946 to 1949, together with his wife Elly Heuss-Knapp. In 1947, he had to justify himself before a committee of enquiry of the Württemberg-Baden state assembly for having voted in favour of Hitler's Enabling Act in 1933. In his testimony, Heuss argued that the law was ultimately irrelevant to the Nazi tyranny.[17] Heuss also taught history at the Stuttgart Institute of Technology in 1946 and 1947, receiving the title of an honorary professor in 1948.

After plans elaborated with Wilhelm Külz to build up an all-German liberal party, known as Democratic Party of Germany, had failed, Heuss in December 1948 was elected head of West German and Berlin sections of the newly founded Free Democratic Party. He advocated uniting all liberal parties in the Western occupation zones in one centrist party, overcoming the split between right liberals and left liberals that had existed in the Weimar Republic. In 1948, he was a member of the Parlamentarischer Rat (Parliamentary Council) at Bonn with considerable influence in the drafting of West Germany's constitution, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany.

Presidency

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After being elected to the first German Bundestag, he relinquished his parliamentary mandate on 12 September 1949, when he was elected President by the Federal Convention (Bundesversammlung) defeating the Social Democrat leader Kurt Schumacher in the second ballot. He took the oath required by article 56 of the Basic Law before a joint session of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat on the same date.[18] By the time he was confirmed as the first democratic German president since Paul von Hindenburg, he refused to be called "Excellency", preferring instead to be called simply "Herr Heuss",[19] Herr Bundespräsident is the German term of address up to today. Heuss's plans for a new national anthem were aborted by Adenauer, who – in rare accordance with Kurt Schumacher – had the third stanza of the old Deutschlandlied established in 1952.

A widower since 1952, Heuss was re-elected in 1954 with practically no opposition, after the Social Democrats had renounced the nomination of a rival candidate. Not until May 1956, could he make his first state visit, invited by King Paul of Greece. The president, accompanied by Foreign Minister Heinrich von Brentano, was overwhelmed by the warm reception in Athens, considering that the country had heavily suffered under German occupation in World War II. He held office until the end of his term on 12 September 1959, succeeded by Heinrich Lübke. He had declined a third term in office, as this would have necessitated changing the constitution.

Adenauer and Heuss on 14 September 1959.

Heuss shaped the office of president by his non-partisan governing. As a representative of the democratic-liberal and cultural traditions of Germany, he was a symbol of confidence in the German post-war republic in the international community. His further state visits to Turkey, Italy, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom contributed greatly to the increase of appreciation toward the still young Federal Republic of Germany. Even though being critical of German militarism, Heuss supported re-armament and the founding of the new West German Army in 1955, in agreement with the Western European partners and within the structures of NATO.[20] Nonetheless, his ironic speech at the swearing in of the first new soldiers, "Nun siegt mal schön!" ("Happy war-winning!"), is well remembered.

In 1959, Heuss was awarded the prestigious Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels. In addressing the memory of Nazism and the Nazi dictatorship, Heuss introduced the concept of collective shame as opposed to collective guilt.[1] His rhetoric encouraged the Germans to never forget the Holocaust and precisely described the crimes against the Jews but he refrained from citing those who were responsible for their suffering.[21]

In 1957 Heuss donated a sculpted portal entry to the Camposanto of the Teutons and the Flemish in Vatican city. The portal, by sculptor Elmar Hillebrand of Cologne, gives access from the Teutonic Cemetery to the Church of Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici, the National Church in Rome of Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands.[22]

On 12 December 1963 Heuss died in Stuttgart, aged 79.

Personal life

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Heuss was a member of the Protestant Church in Germany.[10] He was married to Alsace German politician, social reformer and author Elly Heuss-Knapp with whom he had one child, antifascist resistance fighter Ernst Ludwig Heuss.

Legacy

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Since 1964, the Theodor Heuss Prize has been awarded for exemplary democratic disposition. Heuss's former residence is now open to the public as the Theodor-Heuss-Haus. In 1994, the German Bundestag established the Theodor Heuss House Foundation (Stiftung Bundespräsident-Theodor-Heuss-Haus) as a public institution to commemorate Heuss' achievements and values and to conduct historical research and political education.[23]

Heuss' image appeared on one series of the two-mark coin and numerous streets and squares all over Germany have been named in his honour. During his time in office, his image also appeared on definitive stamps in West Germany issued between 1954 and 1960. An Airbus A340 aircraft of the Luftwaffe used by the German head of government also carries his name.

Honours and awards

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References

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  1. ^ a b Wieck, Michael; Lenz, Siegfried (2003). A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "certified" Jew. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 146, 266. ISBN 0299185443.
  2. ^ Hertfelder, Thomas (2013). Von Naumann zu Heuss: über eine Tradition des sozialen Liberalismus in Deutschland. Kleine Reihe / Stiftung Bundespräsident-Theodor-Heuss-Haus. Stuttgart: Stiftung Bundespräsident-Theodor-Heuss-Haus. ISBN 978-3-942302-03-6.
  3. ^ Cook, Bernard (2013). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Oxon, UK: Routledge. p. 569. ISBN 9780815313366.
  4. ^ a b Lentz III, Harris (2013). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Oxon: Routledge. p. 309. ISBN 978-1884964442.
  5. ^ Oermann, N.O. (2016). Albert Schweitzer: A Biography. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-19-108704-2. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  6. ^ Brabazon, J. (2000). Albert Schweitzer: A Biography. Albert Schweitzer library. Syracuse University Press. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-8156-0675-8. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  7. ^ Pierhal, J. (1956). Albert Schweitzer: the life of a great man. Lutterworth. p. 63. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  8. ^ Pierhal, J. (1957). Albert Schweitzer: the story of his life. Philosophical Library. p. 63f. ISBN 9780802219756. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  9. ^ "The Bulletin", Bulletin des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung. ... [Englische Ausgabe] = the Bulletin, 9–10, Bonn, West Germany: Press and Information Office: 36, 1962, ISSN 0032-7794, retrieved 2 July 2017
  10. ^ a b "Heuß (Württemberg), Theodor". reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de. Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  11. ^ Official Record of the Reichstag Bavarian State Library, 23 March 1933, last access: 27 November 2017.
  12. ^ Information on the webpage of the German foundation 'Stiftung Bundespräsident-Theodor-Heuss-Haus' (Foundation Federal President Theodor Heuss House)
  13. ^ Hjamar Schacht. The Magic of Money, London: Oldbourne, 1967, p.105
  14. ^ Koonz, Claudia (2003). The Nazi Conscience. Harvard University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-674-01172-4.
  15. ^ Seefried, Elke (2009). Theodor Heuss, in der Defensive: Stuttgarter Ausgabe: In der Defensive: Briefe 1933-1945 (1st ed.). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. p. 400. ISBN 978-3-598-25124-5.
  16. ^ Burger, Reiner (1993). Theodor Heuss als Journalist. Beobachter und Interpret von vier Epochen deutscher Geschichte. Münster: Lit. pp. 398–450. ISBN 978-3-8258-4332-7. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  17. ^ Becker, Ernst Wolfgang (2001). Ermächtigung zum politischen Irrtum. Die Zustimmung zum Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933 und die Erinnerungspolitik im ersten württemberg-badischen Untersuchungsausschuss der Nachkriegszeit. Stuttgart.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ "Deutscher Bundestag - 1. Bundesversammlung (12. September 1949)".
  19. ^ GERMANY: Out by the Kitchen. TIME Magazine, 26 September 1949
  20. ^ Becker, Ernst Wolfgang (2017). "Soldatentum und demokratischer Neubeginn. Theodor Heuss und seine Haltung zum Militär nach 1945". Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift. 76 (2): 459–496. doi:10.1515/mgzs-2017-0074.
  21. ^ Kansteiner, Wulf (2006). In Pursuit of German Memory: History, Television, and Politics After Auschwitz. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 207. ISBN 0821416383.
  22. ^ "Campo Santo Teutonico", Stato Della Città del Vaticano
  23. ^ "Stiftung Bundespräsident-Theodor-Heuss-Haus | Über uns". www.theodor-heuss-haus.de (in German). Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  24. ^ "HEUSS Dott. Theodor decorato di Gran Cordone" (in Italian). Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  25. ^ Icelandic Presidency Website (Icelandic), Order of the Falcon, Heuss, Theodor, 29 January 1955
  26. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 26. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
[edit]
Political offices
New title President of West Germany
1949–1959 		Succeeded by
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